Advanced spectroscopic techniques for characterizing defects in perovskite solar cells

Abstract There is currently substantial interest in commercializing perovskite solar cells as they offer superior properties over silicon-based cells, such ability for bandgap tuning, higher absorption coefficients, and potentially lower manufacturing costs. However, trap states originating from ionic vacancies, imperfect interfaces, grain boundaries have hampered their performance long-term stability during operation. Identifying quantifying defects becomes inevitable to address these challenges mitigate the deteriorating effects of defects. This Review focuses on recent developments optical electrical characterization techniques employed investigation halide perovskites understand ion migration devices. We focus sample preparation, advantages, limitations, nature information obtained each spectroscopic techniques. will enable researchers identify suitable characterizing defect concentrations energetic spatial distribution cells.